% $Header$ % Purpose: Text for NASA New Investigator Program (NIP) proposal for NRA-2000-OES-04 % http://research.hq.nasa.gov/code_y/nra/current/NRA-00-OES-04/winners.html % Grant number NAG5-10546 % Grant management with SYS-EYFUS: http://proposals.hq.nasa.gov % Technical officer: Ming-Ying Wei (202) 358-0771 % Annual progress report deadlines: 20020112, 20030112, 20040112 % Annual equipment report deadlines: 20011031, 20021031, 20031031 % Procurement control number (PCN): 20122651 % UCI account number: 9-number-fund-sub-object = 9-123456-12345-1-1234 = 9-445925-23264-1-1234 % Usage: % cd ~/prp;make -W prp_nip.tex prp_nip.pdf % cd ~/prp;make -W prp_nip.tex prp_nip.dvi prp_nip.ps prp_nip.pdf prp_nip.txt;cd -;scp ${HOME}/prp/prp_nip.dvi ${DATA}/ps/prp_nip.pdf ${DATA}/ps/prp_nip.ps ${HOME}/prp/prp_nip.tex ${HOME}/prp/prp_nip.txt dust.ess.uci.edu:/var/www/html/prp/prp_nip % URL: http://dust.ess.uci.edu/prp/prp_nip.ps.gz \documentclass[12pt]{article} % Standard packages \usepackage{ifpdf} 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with floats \begin{document} % Cover page \pagenumbering{roman} \setcounter{page}{1} \pagestyle{headings} \thispagestyle{empty} \begin{center} % NASA New Investigator Program (NIP) Draft of \today, Due July 19, 2000 \\ \medskip \textbf{Influence of Mineral Dust Aerosol on the Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere}\\ \bigskip\bigskip PI: Charles S. Zender\\ University of California at Irvine\\ \end{center} Department of Earth System Science \hfill \url{zender@uci.edu}\\ University of California \hfill Voice: (949)\thinspace 824-2987\\ Irvine, CA~~92697-3100 \hfill Fax: (949)\thinspace 824-3256 \bigskip\bigskip\noindent \textbf{Abstract}\\ \noindent This proposal outlines a program of scientific research and educational development focused on mineral dust aerosol, atmospheric chemistry, and curricular use of satellite data. Mineral dust impacts the chemical composition of the atmosphere by providing a surface for heterogeneous chemistry, and for light scattering and absorption at photolytic wavelengths. We propose to assess the current and potential future influence of mineral dust on the chemical composition of the atmosphere by perfoming simulations of these processes within a global Chemical Transport Model (CTM). % driven by observed winds and assimilated, satellite-inferred aerosol % optical depth. Research will focus on reducing uncertainties of the role of mineral dust on atmospheric \NOy, \SOx, and \Ot\ cycles. Mineral dust provides a surface for heterogeneous removal of \HdOd, \HNOt, \HOd, \NdOc, \NOt, \Ot, and \SOd\ from the atmosphere. This research will first quantify the impact of these processes relative to the impact of other externally mixed aerosols (carbonaceous, sulfate). Second, we will study the influence of mineral dust on photochemistry and assess its regional and seasonal patterns and importance relative to these other aerosols. Although largely of natural origin, emissions of mineral dust are also highly susceptible to enchancement by anthropogenic disturbance such as land use change. Thus the satellite record of the last 20 years will provide crucial insights and constraints on the potential future impacts of mineral dust on the chemistry/climate system. The educational component of the proposal focuses on enhancing undergraduate and graduate exposure to, and experience with, remotely-sensed data. Graduate students will learn to obtain and use remotely-sensed data from the AVHRR, TOMS, and/or SeaWiFs satellites as their term project in my new course, Radiative Processes and Remote Sensing Our department's large undergraduate survey courses will all be enhanced to present students with new satellite data that illustrates each week's academic theme. \clearpage %\onecolumn \tableofcontents %\listoftables \clearpage \pagenumbering{arabic} \setcounter{page}{1} %\markleft{Mineral Dust Aerosol} %\markright{} \thispagestyle{empty} \section{Introduction}\label{sxn:ntr} This proposal outlines a three year program of research and educational development concerning the impact of aerosols on chemical composition of the atmosphere. The research employs a hierarchy of models to simulate physical processes involving mineral dust aerosol in the climate system. A central component of this research, however, is the evaluation and improvement of model predictions through the use of satellite and in situ observations. The first portion of this proposal describes the integration of satellite data into the curriculum of our academic department. Existing undergraduate courses and a new graduate level course will draw in distinct but beneficial ways from the satellite datasets used in the research component of this project. The second portion of this proposal outlines the scientific research into the influence of mineral dust aerosol on the chemical composition of the atmosphere. This research area hinges on the use of global satellite datasets which are the pedagogical toolbox for the educational project. The third part of the proposal summarizes my past research experience and accomplishments. \section{Enhancing Curricula with Satellite Data}\label{sxn:edc,} Our knowledge of Earth's chemical, biological, and physical cycles is increasingly derived (using radiative transfer theory) from observations made by remote sensing instruments such as satellite-borne radiometers. No course at UC Irvine currently offers instruction in formal radiative transfer theory or its application to the remote sensing of the environment. \subsection{Undergraduate Curriculum}\label{sxn:crc_ugr} The Earth System Science (ESS) department, hitherto a graduate department only, is introducing a new undergraduate degree to campus, a B.S. in Earth and Environmental Sciences (EES). ESS faculty are now motivated to help develop recruit highly interested undergraduate students into the major. Many of these students are likely to be drawn from our four large survey courses (The Physical Environment; Atmospheric Pollution, Ozone, and Climate; The Atmosphere; Oceanography). Although we Earth scientists find the material in these courses intrinsically interesting, many students are skeptical of the value of studying the environment, especially when compared to studying technological fields which promise an advantage in today's hot job market. A teaching approach which uses data from space-borne sensors to illustrate environmental processes and change will alert bright students to the increasing convergence of the environment and technology. One way to stimulate interest in the EES major among undergraduates is to illustrate the curriculum of these survey courses with the exciting images produced by satellite sensors. Developing the material for our largest survey course, ``The Atmosphere'', I was struck by how infrequently satellite data appear in undergraduate texts. Partially this is due to the long tradition of favoring hand-drawn illustrations in textbooks that developed before satellite-derived data was widely available. Another barrier between students and remotely-sensed data is frequently the instructor who may not use satellite data very often and thus is unlikely to employ it in the classroom. \subsection{Graduate Curriculum}\label{sxn:crc_grd} No course at UC Irvine currently offers instruction in formal radiative transfer theory or its application to the remote sensing of the environment. To fill this gap I proposed a new course, ESS 111/211: ``Radiative Processes and Remote Sensing'', which has been accepted and is scheduled to meet during Winter quarters beginning in 2001. The course will develop a theoretical understanding of radiative processes necessary to understand remote sensing techniques, and then apply these techniques to important environmental properties. This proposal will support a new component for this course: integration of satellite data into the required graduate student term project. The first 6~weeks of the course (not shown) are devoted largely to the radiative transfer theory which underlies remote sensing technology. The final four weeks of the course introduce remote sensing technology (week~7), specific remotely-sensed fields (weeks~8 and~9), and climate change potentially observable from space. \begin{enumerate*} \item Week 7a: Optical Instrumentation I: Radiometers, LIDAR \item Week 7b: Optical Instrumentation II: DOAS, Limb scanning, Inversion methods \item Week 8a: Remote Sensing I, Ocean: Color/Productivity, Altimetry, SST \item Week 8b: Remote Sensing II, Land: Vegetation, BDRF, PAR \item Week 9a: Remote Sensing III, Atmosphere: Water vapor, Ozone, Wind \item Week 9b: Remote Sensing IV, Atmosphere: Reflecting and absorbing aerosols \item Week 10a: Environmental Impacts I: Radiative forcing by \COd, \Ot, \CHq, \NdO, CFCs \item Week 10b: Environmental Impacts II: UV~Radiation, Photolysis, PAR \end{enumerate*} During these intensive four weeks the students will be introduced to techniques and data from AVHRR, TOMS, TOPEX, ERBE, and SeaWiFs. Students will learn, for example, how total \Ot\ and Chlorophyll concentrations are inferred from radiance measurements. At the same time, graduate students will write an original paper about 10--20~pages in length which includes numerical model of a radiative process currently used in remote sensing techniques. \subsection{Work Plan for Educational Component}\label{sxn:wrk_edc} This proposal provides partial funds to support a programmer/analyst whose responsibilities will include disseminating satellite imagery to ESS faculty teaching survey courses. This highly qualified (Master's or PhD) person will help organize, statistically analyze, and graphically visualize multiple remote sensing and model datasets. She will become familiar with, initially, AVHRR, TOMS, ERBE, and SeaWiFs satellite products (eventually Terra and Aqua as well) in support for the mineral dust research. During Year~1 the programmer/analyst will concentrate on learning, developing and enhancing tools to extract and visualize fields relevant to the PI's research and teaching. Introducing satellite data into graduate curricula is fraught with pitfalls. Data must be made available to students who employ a variety of computing platforms and the students have a limited timeframe to extract and manipulate the data in order to answer a meaningful question. Every Winter quarter the programmer/analyst to be funded by this proposal will provide necessary support to students working on term projects in the Remote Sensing course. This will include providing necessary scripts and support to prevent students from stumbling over the practicalities of integrating satellite data into their term projects. During Spring quarters the programmer will assemble satellite-derived material in support of the PI's survey course on the atmosphere. In Years~2 and~3, we will expand the program by providing satellite data at the request of ESS faculty who teach the other Earth System Science undergraduate survey courses. These faculty will receive lists from me of the satellite fields at our disposal before each term commences. They will give me their syllabi and identify satellite data they would like to illustrate their lectures. These data could range from simple updates of their current material, to data not in any textbooks but of special relevance, to new syntheses of satellite material that the faculty member has not the time or familiarity to visualize themselves. The responses to this plan from faculty who teach these courses has been uniformly positive and all are eager to integrate appropriate remote sensing data into the ESS curriculum. \subsection{Evaluation and Expansion of Educational Component}\label{sxn:evl_edc} The educational component of the proposal will impact approximately 400 undergraduates in four courses and 4--8 graduate students in one course per year. All UC Irvine courses are evaluated by the students at the end of the term. The evaluations are confidential, and contain room for four optional questions. We will use these questions to specifically isolate the success or failure of the remotely-sensed data presented during the course. Undergraduates will be asked to rank their agreement with the statements \begin{enumerate*} \item The satellite imagery stimulated my interest in the subject \item The satellite imagery complemented the text and lectures \item The satellite imagery helped to clarify important topics \end{enumerate*} Additionally, the surveys will ask an open-ended question, such as, ``How could satellite data be used to improve the course?'' These evaluations should provide an objective indicator of our success or failure at meeting our educational objectives. Moreover, the first-year feedback will provide information crucial to improving the expansion of the program to all undergraduate survey courses in Years~2 and~3. After Year~3 it may be possible discern significant trends in student satisfaction with the satellite component of the courses from the 3-year timeseries of student evaluations and enrollment. \subsection{Significance to Professional Goals and Responsibilities}\label{sxn:sgn_edc} As an educator I seek to present students with the most vivid, compelling, and persuasive material possible to illustrate the often drier, but equally necessary, fundamental theory taught in any course. With the rapid improvement in educational technology and growing competition of high-tech industries for motivated students, Earth science educators are wise to introduce sophisticated, digital education technologies into the classroom. Increasing use of satellite datasets in our department's classes contributes to both of these professional goals. Our department is responsible for objectively educating students to the potential impacts of human activity (\textit{their} activity) on the Earth system. The global nature of satellite data keep both the instructor and the students from focusing too much on locally important but globally less significant environmental issues (and the reverse). Increased exposure to satellite data not only expands students' horizons beyond processes in their immediate vicinity, it also instills an appreciation for the many mechanisms by which humans and the Earth system interact on a global scale. Since this educational plan integrates my research interests with my educational goals and philosophy, its likelihood of success is enhanced. \subsection{Prior Education, Outreach, and Service Accomplishments}\label{sxn:acm_edc} \begin{enumerate*} \item \textit{Development of Widely Distributed Geophysical Software}: I write and manage the netCDF Operators (NCO) toolset (NCO works with HDF4, too). NCO is an Open Source software project (\url{http://nco.sourceforge.net}) developing free tools to manipulate geophysical datasets. NCO is one of two components of the CSM Component Model Processing Suite and is used daily by hundreds of geoscientists. \item \textit{Undergraduate Teaching}: I teach ESS~20E: ``The Atmosphere'', a large (150 students) undergraduate survey course. All course material is placed on the web (\url{http://eee.uci.edu/00s/42020}), and the course includes web-based learning exercises. % The course received a ``B'' in student evaluations. \item \textit{Mentoring of Undergraduates}: At the University of Colorado I founded and directed the Astrophysical, Planetary, Atmospheric Sciences Departmental Help Center, a free tutoring center which assisted dozens of undergraduates in the physical sciences every semester. My role included securing funding, tutoring, and managing a group of about 10 paid graduate student tutors. This activity occurred under my direction from 1992--1995, and continued after my departure. Throughout this period I contributed to secondary school teaching by answering calls for to the Math and Science Teachers Hotline (1-800-866-MAST) organized by the University of Northern Colorado. \end{enumerate*} \section{Mineral Dust Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry}\label{sxn:rch} \subsection{Overview} Mineral dust is the dominant aerosol by mass and surface area in the atmosphere, and it plays important roles in heterogeneous and photochemical reactions. Wind erosion lifts about 1--3~\GTxyr\ of silt and clay-sized particles ($D < 10$~\um) from the topsoil \cite[]{And961}. These small particles, usually called mineral dust aerosol, are in the aerosol accumulation mode and so may undergo long range, high altitude transport. During its mean atmospheric lifetime of about 10~days, dust aerosol may take up water through a variety of processes such as swelling, deposition of hygroscopic coatings, and cloud processing \cite[e.g.,][]{Han76}. A significant fraction of the northern hemisphere from is susceptible to large dust events, and thus to chemical processes influenced by dust. Figure~\ref{fgr:tms} shows the Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) \cite[]{HBT97} derived from the TOMS measurements for July, 1998. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics*[width=0.8\hsize]{/data/zender/fgr/ZeH02/prp_ZeH02_fgr}\vfill \end{center} \caption{ Absorbing aerosol index measured by TOMS in July, 1998. \label{fgr:tms}} \end{figure} The exact relationship between AAI and aerosol optical depth (AOD) and mass path depends on regional and seasonal characteristics of the aerosol \cite[]{HHT99}. Nevertheless, AAI product currently provides perhaps the best observational proxy for the global distribution of absorbing aerosols including mineral dust. In concert with surface observations, these satellite data tell us that mineral dust is a dominant or significant component of aerosol carried from North Africa across the subtropical north Pacific, over the Arabian Peninsula and Sea, interior to central and East Asia (especially during spring) \cite[e.g.,][]{LMS96,HPS97,GBS00}. Recent regional and global studies show that mineral dust in these plumes substantially alters heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry \cite[]{ZSK94,DCZ96,DKS97,ZhC99}. Previous three-dimensional chemical transport simulations have focused on the impact of only a few types of aerosol, in isolation, upon atmospheric composition, or upon more complete aerosol species but over a smaller region and timescale. All suggest that aerosol-aerosol interactions and long-range transport are important, even decisive, factors that should not be neglected. Indeed, it is better to consider long-lived aerosols as internally mixed multi-component aerosols rather than as externally mixed aerosols \cite[]{MDS98}. Thus a global CTM with an integrated suite of aerosols is necessary to address questions of global air quality, emissions-impacts, and, ultimately, radiative forcing of climate. We propose to integrate the influence of mineral dust on the global chemical composition of the atmosphere into an existing CTM that will allow simultaneous heterogeneous and photochemical interactions by dust, sulfate, carbon, and sea salt. \subsubsection{Heterogeneous Chemistry on Mineral Dust}\label{sxn:hch} Convincing evidence that heterogeneous chemistry on mineral dust particles significantly alters the concentration and deposition of important atmospheric oxidants has been firmly established by \cite{ZSK94,CZC96,ZhC99}. Once sequestered on mineral dust particles, oxidants such as \SOd\ and \HNOt\ appear to undergo fast neutralization reactions with alkaline material (e.g., \CaCOt) in mineral dust. \cite{DCZ96} estimate that as much as half of total column particulate sulfate and nitrate are in sequestered on mineral dust aerosol in and downwind of dust source regions. \cite{ZhC99} found 10--40\% reductions in \Ot\ during dusty conditions in East Asia. A combination of laboratory measurements and field studies suggest at least eight important members of the \NOy, \SOx, and \Ot\ cycles undergo direct uptake on mineral dust: \HdOd, \HNOt, \HOd, \NdOc, \NOt, \Ot, and \SOd\ \cite[]{ZhC99}. The uptake ($\mssuptcff$) coefficients which drive these heterogeneous processes are thought to range from the very large ($\mssuptcff = 0.1$ for \HOd, \NOt, \OH) to relatively small ($\mssuptcff = 5.0 \times 10^{-5}$ for \Ot). Table~\ref{tbl:rxr_dst} lists the uptake processes to be integrated into our CTM. \begin{table} \begin{minipage}{\hsize} % Minipage necessary for footnotes KoD95 p. 110 (4.10.4) \renewcommand{\footnoterule}{\rule{\hsize}{0.0cm}\vspace{-0.0cm}} % KoD95 p. 111 \begin{center} \caption[Uptake Coefficients for Mineral Dust Used in MOZART]{\textbf{Uptake Coefficients for Mineral Dust Used in MOZART}% \label{tbl:rxr_dst}} \vspace{\cpthdrhlnskp} \begin{tabular}{ >{$\ch}l<{$} >{$}l<{$} r } \hline \rule{0.0ex}{\hlntblhdrskp}% Reaction & \mbox{Uptake coefficient} & References% \footnote{\emph{References:} \setcounter{enmrfr}{0} % Reset reference counter for this table \enmrfrstpprn, \cite{DCZ96}\label{idxDCZ96}; \enmrfrstpprn, \cite{JPL97}\label{idxJPL97}; \enmrfrstpprn, \cite{SeP97}\label{idxSeP97}; \enmrfrstpprn, \cite{ZhC99}\label{idxZhC99};}% \\[0.0ex] \hline \rule{0.0ex}{\hlntblntrskp}% \HdOd + Dust \yields Products & 1.0 \times 10^{-4} & \ref{idxDCZ96} \\[0.5ex] \HNOt + Dust \yields Products & 0.005 & \ref{idxDCZ96}, \ref{idxJPL97} \\[0.5ex] \HOd + Dust \yields Products & 0.1 & \ref{idxDCZ96}, \ref{idxZhC99} \\[0.5ex] \NdOc + Dust \yields Products & 0.001 & \ref{idxDCZ96}, \ref{idxJPL97} \\[0.5ex] \NOt + Dust \yields Products & 0.1 & \ref{idxSeP97}, \ref{idxZhC99} \\[0.5ex] \Ot + Dust \yields Products & 5.0 \times 10^{-5} & \ref{idxDCZ96}, \ref{idxJPL97}, \ref{idxZhC99} \\[0.5ex] \OH + Dust \yields Products & 0.1 & \ref{idxZhC99} \\[0.5ex] \SOd + Dust \yields Products & 3.0 \times 10^{-4} & \ref{idxDCZ96}, \ref{idxZhC99} \\[0.5ex] \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{minipage} \end{table} Since the exact chemical pathways and products are poorly known and the mineralolgical composition of dust is highly variable \cite[]{CSB99}, the uncertainty in the uptake coefficients is large. One foreseeable outcome of our studies is that the combined heterogeneous processes operating on all aerosols will scavenge these trace gases too efficiently, leading to significant biases. will provide an opportunity to constrain uptake coefficients \subsubsection{Dust Distribution, Mineralogy, and Atmospheric Chemistry}\label{sxn:mnr} Empirical studies show very strong stoichiometric relationships between an alkaline constituent of dust, \CaCOt, and particulate \SOqdm\ and \NOtm\ \cite[]{CZC96,DCZ96}. This suggests that uptake and oxidation \SOx\ and \NOy\ on mineral dust is limited by \CaCOt\ availability. The global distributions of \CaCOt, as well as other important crustal minerals, must be obtained from \textit{in situ} soil samples. The IGBP global soil dataset \cite[]{CaS98} has assembled many thousand soil profiles (pedons), into one quality-controlled dataset. The global distribution of \CaCOt\ peaks strongly around the Arabian Pensinsula and Iran, where \CaCOt\ accounts for up to 15\% of topsoil mass. We have implemented the IGBP soil \CaCOt\ content into our prognostic mineral dust distribution model, using the size resolved partitioning approach of \cite{CSB99}. Figure~\ref{fgr:CaCO3} shows our simulated annual mean mass deposition flux of total dust and of \CaCOt\ for 1998. \begin{figure} \begin{center} % NB: Proposal submitted with 1998 climatologies. Lost figures. % 2007: Re-build with climatological figures for posterity %\includegraphics*[width=0.7\hsize]{/data/zender/ps/dstmch46_1998_DSTSFDPS}\vfill %\includegraphics*[width=0.7\hsize]{/data/zender/ps/dstmch45_1998_DSTSFDPSCACO3}\vfill \includegraphics*[width=0.7\hsize]{/data/zender/fgr/ppr_ZBN03/dstmch90_clm_DSTSFDPS}\vfill \includegraphics*[width=0.7\hsize]{/data/zender/fgr/ppr_ZBN03/dstmch90_clm_DSTSFDPS}\vfill \end{center} \caption{ Simulated 1998 annual mean mass deposition flux (\mgxcmSka) of (a) dust and (b) \CaCOt (NB: 20070602 Original \CaCOt\ simulations and figures lost, substituted duplicate of (a) for posterity). \label{fgr:CaCO3}} \end{figure} \CaCOt\ is a much larger mass fraction of deposited dust over central Asia than over the subtropical North Atlantic. The global mean continental \CaCOt\ topsoil content is about 2.5\%, but Figure~\ref{fgr:CaCO3} shows that the distribution of \CaCOt\ as a fraction of total dust mass, is highly non-linear. The usefulness of global chemical studies of mineral dust depends on the adequacy of the prediction of dust emission, transport, and deposition processes, i.e., on the fidelity of the simulated dust distribution to observations. Dust emissions are highly sensitive to wind speed, surface roughness, vegetation, and soil moisture. Transport and deposition depend on adequate representation of size distributions, convection, and washout. Our model \cite[]{CRE01} represents the most important spatial and temporal characteristics of dust distribution. Figure~\ref{fgr:Brb} shows the simulated surface mass concentration of mineral dust in Barbados during 1998. \begin{figure} \begin{center} % NB: Proposal submitted with 1998 climatologies. Lost figures. % 2007: Re-build with climatological figures for posterity %\includegraphics*[width=\hsize]{/data/zender/ps/prspr_dstmch41_19980101_19981216_xy_rgn_Brb_cnc_mss_dst_pnt}\vfill \includegraphics*[width=\hsize]{/data/zender/fgr/ppr_ZBN03/rsmas_dstmch90_clm_0112_Brb_cnc_mss_dst}\vfill \end{center} \caption{ Measured (black) and simulated (green) surface mass concentration of mineral dust (\ugxmC) in Barbados during 1998. Annual means are 22 and 21~\ugxmC, respectively. (NB: 20070602 Original proposal submitted with 1998 daily mean simulations. These simulations and figures were lost, substituted 1990s monthly timeseries for posterity). \label{fgr:Brb}} \end{figure} The model reproduces the mean and the temporal variability of the long-range transported dust quite adequately. \subsubsection{Photochemical Impact of Mineral Dust Aerosol}\label{sxn:pch} Aerosols of disparate compositions, optical properties, and vertical distributions are now recognized to play complex roles in modifying atmospheric photochemistry \cite[e.g.,][]{Mad89}. Aerosols scatter and absorb sunlight and thus alter the actinic flux available to drive atmospheric photochemistry. Through these mechanisms, aerosols significantly alter tropospheric concentrations of many important oxidants such as \Ot, \NOy, and \HOx\ \cite[]{DKS97} in turbid conditions. The radiative transfer model of \cite{ZBP97} was used in Figure~\ref{fgr:JNO2} to simulate the impact of a 1~km thick, 1~km high aerosol layer on the photodissociation rate coefficient $\prcNOd$, the key determinant in the relative abundance \NOd\ and \NO\ during daylight. \begin{figure} \begin{center} \includegraphics*[width=0.5\hsize]{/data/zender/fgr/rt/j_NO2_rlt_arese_19951011}\vfill \end{center} \caption{ Vertical profile of relative impacts of mineral dust (green) and of sulfate (blue) aerosol on $\prcNOd$. Both aerosols have a specified visible optical depth of 1.0 and are uniformly distributed in the lowest 1~km of the atmosphere. The black line represents $\prcNOd$ in a clean, aerosol-free atmosphere. Simulations are for a solar zenith angle of 30$^\circ$ in a standard, cloud-free mid-latitude summer atmosphere. \label{fgr:JNO2}} \end{figure} The scattering aerosol (sulfate) increases $\prcNOd$ by 20--25\% in the lower troposphere. The absorbing aerosol (dust) reduces $\prcNOd$ by as much as 40\%. These effects extend into the stratosphere and are highly sensitive to aerosol optical properties \cite[][]{HeC99,SoT99}. Accounting for the photochemical forcing by aerosols significantly improves predicted tropospheric oxidant levels in turbid regions \cite[]{DKS97}. Single column demonstrations such as Figure~\ref{fgr:JNO2} bely the difficulty of simulating aerosol impact on global photochemistry. To our knowledge no global CTM currently has both an adequate $\prc$-rate scheme and a comprehensive aerosol treatement. The difficulty stems from the computational expense of accurately integrating $\prc$ values with strong spectral variation (e.g., $\prcOt$) in global models \cite[]{Mad89}. Many CTMs \cite[e.g.,][]{BHW98} employ multi-dimensional (5--7 dimensions is typical) lookup tables to determine a clear sky $\prc$-values, and then apply highly-parameterized cloud corrections when applicable \cite[]{CBI87}. %MOZART currently employs a five dimensional lookup table to determine %the clear sky photodissociation rate coefficient, or $J$-value, for %each of 28 photochemical reactions \cite[]{CBI87,BHW98}. %In the presence of clouds, the $J$-values are corrected a %parameterization to account for the position, fraction, and %transmission of the clouds \cite[]{CBI87}. This simple approach is suitable for pristine (non-turbid) skies and for single layer liquid cloud decks, but inadequate for extension to more complex scattering geometries or to aerosol scattering. \cite{WZP00} and \cite{LaC981} present methods more suitable for studying aerosols, clouds, and chemistry in CTMs. These studies suggest that the changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere due to improved photolysis alone are quite interesting, even without an integrated aerosol suite. \subsection{Objectives and Hypotheses}\label{sxn:obj} % In future should draw objectives from national reports, e.g., IPCC These objectives are important to our understanding and representation of aerosol-cloud-chemistry-climate interactions. Each objective is followed by a sample hypothesis which can be explored in a framework of modeling validated by measurements. \setcounter{enmrfr}{0} % Reset reference counter for this list \begin{enumerate} \item \enmrfrstp \label{idx_obj_abs_sca} \textbf{Objective}: Identify regions where absorbing and scattering aerosols strongly interact \\ \textbf{Hypothesis}: Dust has more frequent and stronger interactions with sulfate near East Asia than near Africa. \\ The effects of absorbing (e.g., dust, carbon) and scattering (e.g., sulfate) aerosol on photolysis rates are opposite (Figure~\ref{fgr:JNO2}), and non-linear interactions are expected in regions and seasons where the two coexist. Dust from East Asia and the Arabian peninsula has more opportunity to interact with strong anthropogenic emissions than dust from North Africa which travels over the subtropical North Atlantic. \item \enmrfrstp \label{idx_obj_hgt_O3} \textbf{Objective}: Understand influence of aerosol layer structure on ozone production\\ \textbf{Hypothesis}: Higher mineral dust layers have more impact on column ozone.\\ Absorbing aerosol layers above brighter aerosols and above clouds will have a greater impact on photolysis (Figure~\ref{fgr:JNO2}). Zonal gradients of dust concentration slope downward from the source region as dust settles gravitationally (Figure~\ref{fgr:tms}). We will compare simulations and measurements of strong dust events for evidence of a zonal gradient of dust impact on \Ot. \item \enmrfrstp \label{idx_obj_aer_cld_chm} \textbf{Objective}: Examine interaction of dust, clouds, and atmospheric chemistry\\ \textbf{Hypothesis}: The heterogeneous impacts of dust will increase relative to the photochemical impacts in the presence of clouds.\\ Although the subtropics are not generally very cloudy, wet deposition remains the dominant removal mechanism for dust in the accumulation mode. Cloud scattering and cloud screening impact photochemistry so strongly \cite[]{Mad89} that scattering and absorption by dust, which is usually beneath clouds, will have little effect on photochemistry (Figure~\ref{fgr:JNO2}) in the presence of clouds. The reverse will occur when clouds form beneath dust layers. %\setlength{\fboxsep}{6pt} % KoD95 p. 92 \item \enmrfrstp \label{idx_obj_mnr} \textbf{Objective}: Understand importance of dust mineralogy on heterogeneous chemistry \\ \textbf{Hypothesis}: Oxidant uptake by dust particles over the Atlantic is less (per unit mass of dust) than over Asia because of greater soil \CaCOt\ content in Asia \\ \cite{DCZ96} showed that oxidant uptake on East Asian mineral aerosol obeys the empirical stoichiometric relationship $[\NOtm] + 2[\SOqdm] < 2[\Cadp]$. Figure~\ref{fgr:CaCO3} shows that dust \Ca\ content varies regionally but is generally low over the Atlantic. If this constraint does not hold over the Atlantic (which may be testable at Bermuda), more complex mineralogical and heterogeneous chemistry schemes may need to be adopted. %}} % end \fbox \item \enmrfrstp \label{idx_obj_vrb_ntr} \textbf{Objective}: Elucidate the relative sensitivity of aerosols to natural climate variability \\ \textbf{Hypothesis}: Mineral dust emission is more sensitive to climate variability on most timescales than other aerosols. \\ Due to their strong sensitivity to wet deposition, virtually all tropospheric aerosol is sensitive to climatic shifts in precipitation (e.g., ENSO). Mineral dust emissions, moreover, are also sensitive to precipitation. Thus we expect mineral dust emissions (Figure~\ref{fgr:Brb}) and chemistry downwind to respond uniquely to climate variability on many timescales. % \item \enmrfrstp \label{idx_obj_vrb_tmp} % \textbf{Objective}: Examine modes of temporal variability of mineral % dust and their impact on chemistry downwind\\ % \textbf{Hypothesis}: The strong diurnal signal in mineral dust % emissions reduces the gradient of the photochemical impact of dust % near source regions.\\ % For example, the thermal convection and windstorms that cause % significant dust emissions (Figure~\ref{fgr:Brb}) tend to occur late % in the day. % Thus the photochemical impact per unit mass of dust is expected to % increase with distance from source as the dust diffuses into more % sunlit hours. \end{enumerate} \subsection{Research Plans}\label{sxn:pln} We will study the effects of mineral aerosols on atmospheric chemistry and climate in a framework of global modeling evaluated against data from satellite and other platforms. Simulations will be performed with a 3-D global chemical transport model (CTM). The first three of our objectives (\S\ref{sxn:obj}) will be met by analyzing the results of full CTM simulations of recent years, probably 1998 and 1999. The CTM will be driven by NCEP meteorology so that simulations may be evaluated against recent high quality datasets like INDOEX \cite[e.g.,][]{CRE01}. These three objectives will be our highest priority. Meeting these objectives fully will require simulations with and without mineral dust heterogenous chemistry, photochemistry, and both. Objective~\ref{idx_obj_mnr} (mineralogical effects) will require an ensemble of simulations to test the efficacy of various assumptions about mineralogy-chemistry interactions. These simulations may be of shorter duration (e.g., three months). Objective~\ref{idx_obj_vrb_ntr} (sensitivity to natural variability) requires expensive simulations in order to answer questions of variability on timescales longer than seasonal. These objectives will be accomplished if resources permit. \subsection{Methods and Procedures}\label{sxn:mth} The mineral dust aerosol scheme has already been implemented in MATCH \cite[e.g.,][]{CRE01} which is the meteorological driver for the MOZART CTM \cite[]{BHW98}. Thus our initial choice for the CTM is MOZART, but other suitable options include the UCI CTM, IMPACT from LLNL, or other MATCH-based models. Mineral dust emisssions are based on a combination of land surface properties and meteorological fields \cite[]{MaB95}. A comprehensive evaluation of our simulated mineral dust distribution is currently in progress. Our representation of heterogeneous chemistry on mineral dust is based on \cite{ZSK94} and \cite{ZhC99} and is summarized in Table~\ref{tbl:rxr_dst}. The dust physics and chemistry will be integrated with the existing aerosol suite within the CTM. A major component of this proposal is to account for the effects of clouds \textit{and} aerosols on tropospheric photochemistry. An accurate representation of particulate interactions with actinic flux will require a forward radiative transfer scheme applicable to multiple scattering, vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres at all zenith angles. We will use the method of \cite{WZP00} or \cite{LaC981} and carefully evaluate our implementation of sensitive $\prc$-values such as $\prcOt$ against accurate, multi-stream, high resolution radiative transfer models \cite[]{ZBP97}. With these modifications we believe the physical and chemical parameterizations will be state-of-the-art for in nearly all aspects of global aerosol-chemistry modeling. The modeling component of this proposal centers on integrating and evaluating the impacts of a unified suite of aerosols on tropospheric chemistry. This requires that the suite of aerosols in the CTM be evaluated against comprehensive aerosol climatologies inferred from a combination of ground-based, aircraft, and satellite data. \subsubsection{In Situ Data}\label{sxn:vld_lcl} Simulations will be compared to collocated measurements of dust concentration, and particulate \NOt, \SOq, and other species at Barbados, Bermuda, Iza\~na, Kaashidhoo, and, eventually, ACE~Asia sites \cite[e.g.,][]{SPO92}. Measurements of \Ca\ and non-sea-salt \Ca\ at Bermuda will be crucial in determining whether to determining whether \Ca\ mineral dust crossing the Atlantic constrains acid uptake as strongly as East Asian dust \cite[]{DCZ96} (Objective~\ref{idx_obj_mnr}). Ozonesonde climatologies \cite[]{Log99} will provide crucial vertical and seasonal constraints on the chemical influence of mineral dust. Data composites of aircraft and ground based measurements of \Ot, \NO, \NOx, \HNOt, \PAN, \HdOd\ and other species \cite[]{EHM00} will be extremely valueable for more comprehensive regional assessments. \subsubsection{Satellite Data}\label{sxn:vld_stl} Our use of satellite data will take place in two parallel efforts. First, we will compare the aerosol optical depth predicted by the CTM directly to long term satellite datasets. The two long term satellite climatologies which presently exist are the optical depth products from the AVHRR Pathfinder instruments \cite[]{SIS97} and the aerosol residuals from TOMS instruments \cite[]{HBT97}. Although these satellite optical depth products include many model assumptions about aerosol size distribution, optical properties, and vertical distribution, they are complementary and represent the best global climatology of aerosol distribution presently available. TOMS, for example, is best for evaluating absorbing material such as mineral dust and carbonaceous aerosols while the AVHRR data is better suited for evaluating highly scattering aerosols such as sulfate. The high spatial resolution of SeaWiFS makes it particularly well suited for evaluation of individual aerosol events. These and future (MODIS, PICASSO) satellite products will help guide the development and evaluation of chemical transport models to become more capable of simulating aerosol effects in current and future climate scenarios. The second approach is to compare predictions from the CTM against the ``best guess'' global estimates of aerosol concentration predicted by a global aerosol assimilation model that assimlates AVHRR-inferred aerosol optical depth \cite[]{CRE01}. The CTM and the assimilation model use the same meteorology and mineral dust physics so the mineral dust comparison will be direct. We note that these models produce aerosol concentrations that can drive the NCAR Column Radiation Model (CRM) which has been modified to include optical properties for sulfate \cite[]{KSR00}, dust \cite[]{ZBP97}, sea-salt and carbon \cite[]{HaR98} aerosols. This approach will, time-permitting, allow us to study aerosol impacts on radiative forcing. \subsection{Expected Significance of Results}\label{sxn:sgn} It is already known that mineral dust aerosol does have significant effects on atmospheric chemistry downwind from certain source regions \cite[e.g.,][]{DCZ96,DKS97}. This project will extend previous studies to account for both heterogeneous and photochemical impacts of dust on global scales in the framework of an integrated tropospheric aerosol suite. Our objectives (\S\ref{sxn:obj}) will substantially increase our understanding of the sensitivity of air quality to aerosols in general, and especially to mineral dust. Since mineral dust emissions respond strongly to land use change and long term climate variability, these results will reduce uncertainty as to the past and potential future chemical composition of the atmosphere. \subsection{Synergies with Existing Research Efforts}\label{sxn:syn} The dust physics use the NCAR Land Surface Model (LSM) to provide the biogeophysical surface properties needed to predict mobilization and deposition. PI Zender is working on a NASA project with G.~Bonan of NCAR to couple the dust emission processes within the LSM and investigate dust emission changes due to land-use change. At the same time, G.~Brasseur and D. Hauglustaine of MPI are working to fully couple the LSM and chemistry to MOZART. All of these existing projects will benefit from the proposed studies of chemistry and mineralology of dust. \subsection{Benefits to Community}\label{sxn:cmm} The mineral dust aerosol physics package is also a component of the aerosol suite in the next generation NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) and is used in the Model for Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH) aerosol assimilation project of W.~Collins \cite[]{CRE01} and P.~Rasch of NCAR. Improvements to the mineral dust physics, mineralogy, optics and chemistry which arise from this MOZART proposal will be folded very quickly into both the MATCH aerosol assimilation model, and the NCAR CCM where they will benefit the larger community of aerosol, biogeochemistry, and paleoclimate scientists. Once mineral dust chemistry is integrated into a global CTM, we will be well-placed to collaborate on studies of the ``indirect effect'' of mineral dust aerosol on cloud droplet nucleation, precipitation, and albedo \cite[e.g.,][]{WRL00}. Reducing uncertainties in these areas is a high priority for climate assessments such as IPCC. \subsection{Significance to Professional Goals and Responsibilities}\label{sxn:sgn_rch} This plan firmly advances my career goal of improving our ability to predict climate and climate change. Until recently computational limitations have required that, on global scales, chemistry and climate be studied separately (in CTMs and GCMs, respectively). As the newest member of the Earth System Science department and a young scientist with experience in both subjects, my goal is to help these fields merge in fully coupled Earth System models. This proposed work is a significant stride towards this unification. \subsection{Work Plan for Research}\label{sxn:wrk_rch} In Year~1 Dr. Zender will integrate heterogeneous chemistry with the existing aerosol suite within the CTM. The postdoc to be hired will work to replace the table-lookup scheme in the CTM with a forward radiative transfer code optimized for computing photolysis \cite[]{WZP00}. Simulations of 1998 and 1999 will commence, and we will evaluate and adjust free parameters to ensure the mineral dust aerosol chemistry produces reasonable and well-understood results when coupled to the CTM. In Year~2 we will analyze the full seasonal climatologies of atmospheric response to mineral dust in support of our primary objectives (\S\ref{sxn:obj}). Available computer time will be used to run ensembles of particular events and months (e.g. INDOEX) in order to better understand the sensitivity of the simulations to, e.g., dust optical properties. In Year~3 we intend to work on our remaining two objectives, dust mineralogy and natural climate variability. Results from our experiments will be published and made available online for interested collaborators and assessment purposes as soon as possible. \subsection{Prior Research Accomplishments}\label{sxn:acm_rch} \begin{enumerate*} \item \textit{Radiative Effects of Tropical Cirrus Anvil on Climate}: My dissertation research at the University of Colorado, in collaboration with J.~Kiehl of NCAR, examined the role of tropical cirrus anvil on climate. We first documented the effect of ice crystal size and habit on anvil formation and radiative properties \cite[]{ZeK941}. An important conclusion from this study was that shortwave radiative properties of tropical cirrus anvils are very sensitive to the presence of small ($3 < L <20$~\um) ice crystals which account for less than $2\%$ of cloud mass. This prediction is still controversial since accurate observations of crystals in this size range have only recently become available. % \cite[e.g.,][]{McH971}. On a global scale, these anvil physics contribute to teleconnections between tropical anvil heating and the extratropical circulation \cite[]{ZeK972}. \item \textit{Enhanced Shortwave Absorption in Clouds}: The discrepancy between models and observations of Earth's atmospheric energy budget is about 20~\wxmS, globally annually averaged. The ARESE experiment attempted measured the energy budget in clear and cloudy conditions using stacked aircraft observations. Detailed spectral analysis of the results shows significant evidence of enhanced shortwave absorption in cloudy atmospheres \cite[]{ZBP97}. Successive experiments have not resolved the intense controversy over these measurements, which have enormous implications for climate prediction. % \cite[]{VBB97,BuV99,BPB99,VCZ97} \item \textit{Radiative Forcing by Oxygen Collision Complexes}: Scrutiny of the magnitude and causes of enhanced shortwave absorption has led to many interesting discoveries, including the recognition that absorption by collision complexes of oxygen is significant globally (about 1~\wxmS). \cite{Zen99} produced the first climatology of collision complexes and their absorption and illustrated many unique features of collision complex absorption. This study refuted the notion that \OdX\ contributes to enhanced cloudy absorption (globally). %\item \textit{Mineral Dust Transport and Radiative Forcing in a %Chemical Transport Model and Global Aerosol Assimilation}: %\cite{CRE01} \end{enumerate*} \subsection{References}\label{sxn:rfr} % Bibliography \renewcommand\refname{} \vspace{-24.0pt} \newlength{\oldbaselineskip} \setlength{\oldbaselineskip}{\baselineskip} %\setlength{\baselineskip}{13.574pt} % 1.234 X 11pt \setlength{\baselineskip}{12.0pt} % 1.234 X 11pt \setlength{\bibsep}{4pt} % Space between natbib bibliography items \bibliographystyle{agu} \bibliography{bib} \setlength{\baselineskip}{\oldbaselineskip} % 1.851 X 11pt \section{Management of the Project}\label{sxn:mng} The project will be directed by Dr. Zender. Development of chemical parameterizations for the mineral dust model will take place at UC Irvine. Development and initial model integrations will take place on the School of Physical Sciences' SGI O2000 supercomputer. Additional computer resources for long term integrations of the CTM are required and will be requested from outside supercomputing facilities (e.g., NCAR and MPI Hamburg) pending funding of this proposal. Collaboration on integration of mineral dust aerosol with existing aerosol components of the CTM and evaluation of the results will occur during annual summer visits to NCAR and one visit to Germany by UCI personnel. \section{Personnel}\label{sxn:prs} C.~Zender is an Assistant Professor at the University of California at Irvine. He has improved aerosol, cloud, and trace gas representations in global climate models. His research focuses on Cloud and Aerosol Microphysics, Terrigenic Aerosol, and Radiative Transfer and Radiative Forcing. He is an affiliate scientists at NCAR and an active member of the CCSM Atmospheric and Biogeochemistry Model Working Groups. The postdoc at UCI will be an expert in atmospheric photochemistry and have significant experience with integrated aerosol-chemistry models and evaluation. Dr. Zender and the postdoc will interact with UCI personnel (M.~Prather's group and D.~Dabdub's group) on issues regarding tropospheric chemistry and multicomponent aerosols. The programmer/analyst at UCI will write and manage model code, perform runs, and interface with outside personnel on computational issues of the CTM. Other scientists likely to be involved in the project are: X.~X. Tie, NCAR, Global aerosol impacts, G.~P. Brasseur, MPI Hamburg, Atmospheric oxidants. \section{Current Support}\label{sxn:crr_mny} Dr. Zender is a Co-investigator on NASA grant, ``Effects of land-use on climate and water resources: application of a land surface model for land-use management'', PI: G.~B.~Bonan, 1/1/00--1/1/03. His responsibilities include dust model development and investigation of dust response to land surface change. This grant funds Dr.~Zender with summer salary for two months. \section{Budget Justification}\label{sxn:bdg_jst} PI Zender requests funds for one month of summer salary. Funds are requested for one full time postdoc. The postdoc will have strong command of photochemistry, aerosols, and the \NOy, \SOx, and \Ot\ cycles. The postdoc will focus on perturbation of atmospheric chemical cycles by the mineral dust aerosol. Funds are requested for 1/3 of a Programmer/Analyst. The balance of the programmer's salary is requested in other grants. Up to 1/3 of this salary will be provided from startup funds by PI Zender. The programmer/analyst will help Dr. Zender fulfill both the educational and research components of the project. To do this, the programmer must be comfortable with statistics, Fortran90, scripting, and massively parallel computing. It is anticipated that the programmer will have a Master's degree or equivalent in geophysical or computer sciences. % CV requires left-justified format \setlength{\parindent}{0mm} % Used in CV \clearpage \section{Curriculum Vitae}\label{sxn:cv} \begin{center} {\textit{Curriculum Vitae}}\\ {\xiirn CHARLES S. ZENDER}\\ \end{center} Department of Earth System Science \hfill zender@uci.edu\\ University of California \hfill Voice: (949)\thinspace 824-2987\\ Irvine, CA~~92697-3100 \hfill Fax: (949)\thinspace 824-3256\\ \textbf{EDUCATION} \begin{enumerate*} \item[Ph.D.] (1996) Atmospheric Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder. ``Representation of tropical cirrus anvil in climate models'', Advisors: Jeffrey Kiehl and Gary Thomas \item[M.S.] (1993) Atmospheric Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder. \item[B.A.] (1990) Physics, Harvard University \end{enumerate*} \par\smallskip \textbf{SPECIALTIES AND INTERESTS} \par\medskip Atmospheric Physics, Cloud and Aerosol Microphysics and Chemistry, Terrigenic Aerosol, Particle Composition and Optical Properties, Radiative Transfer and Radiative Forcing, Global Climate and Climate Change \par\bigskip \textbf{PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS} \begin{enumerate*} \item[1999--now] University of California at Irvine -- Assistant Professor of Earth System Science \item[2000--2003] National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO -- Affiliate Scientist of the Climate and Global Dynamics (CGD) Division \item[1998--1999] NCAR -- Visiting Scientist in Atmospheric Chemistry and CGD Divisions \item[1996--1998] NCAR -- Postdoctoral fellow in Advanced Study Program \item[1991--1996] University of Colorado at Boulder and NCAR CGD -- Graduate research assistant \item[1991] College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME -- Visiting Faculty in Physical Sciences \item[1989--1990] Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA -- Programmer, Technician \end{enumerate*} \textbf{REFEREED PUBLICATIONS} \setlength{\parindent}{-1em} \par\bigskip % ZeK941 Zender, C.~S. and J.~T.~Kiehl, Radiative sensitivities of tropical anvils to small ice crystals, \textit{\jgr}, \textit{99}, 25869--25880, 1994. \par % ZBP97 Zender, C.~S., B. Bush, S.~K. Pope, A. Bucholtz, W.~D. Collins, J.~T. Kiehl, F.~P.~J. Valero, and J. Vitko~Jr., Atmospheric absorption during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Enhanced Shortwave Experiment (ARESE), \textit{\jgr}, \textit{102}, 29901--29915, 1997. \par % ZeK972 Zender, C.~S. and J.~T.~Kiehl, Sensitivity of climate simulations to radiative effects of tropical anvil structure, \textit{\jgr}, \textit{102}, 23793--23803, 1997. \par % CZV99 Cess, R.~D., M.~Zhang, F.~P.~J. Valero, S.~K. Pope, A.~Bucholtz, B.~Bush, C.~S. Zender, and J.~Vitko~Jr., Absorption of solar radiation by the cloudy atmosphere: {Further} interpretations of collocated aircraft measurements, \textit{\jgr}, \textit{104}, 2059--2066, 1999. \par % Zen99 Zender, C.~S., Global climatology of abundance and solar absorption of oxygen collision complexes, \textit{\jgr}, \textit{104}, 24471--24484, 1999. \par % CRE01 Collins, W.~D., P.~J. Rasch, B.~E. Eaton, B.~Khattatov, J.-F. Lamarque, and C.~S. Zender, Forecasting aerosols using a chemical transport model with assimilation of satellite aerosol retrievals: Methodology for INDOEX, \textit{In Press in \jgr}, 2000. \par % YZS00 Yu,~S., C.~S. Zender, and V.~K. Saxena, Direct radiative forcing and atmospheric absorption by boundary layer aerosol in the southeastern {US}: new observational estimates and model results, \textit{Submitted to \ate}, 2000. \setlength{\parindent}{0em} \par\medskip \textbf{FUNDING} \begin{itemize*} \item[] Co-I on NASA grant ``Effects of land-use on climate and water resources: application of a land surface model for land-use management'', PI: G.~B.~Bonan, 1/1/2000--1/1/2003 % MDAR-0268-0040 \end{itemize*} \textbf{SERVICE} \begin{itemize*} \item Peer-review for \grl, \jgr, \jas, \mwr, \textit{Nature}, \qjrms, \textit{Tellus}, NSF, NASA, USGCRP \item Maintainer of NCAR CCM Column Radiation Model (\url{http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cms/crm}). 1996--present. \item Author and administrator of NCO netCDF Operators (\url{http://nco.sourceforge.net/nco}), a freely available geophysical data manipulation toolkit. 1995--present. \item Author and maintainer of Enhanced Absorption Bibliography (\url{http://www.ess.uci.edu/~zender/bib_aca.ps.gz}). 1997--present. \item Contributor to the University of Northern Colorado Mathematics and Science Teachers Hotline (MAST) (800 866-MAST). 1995--present. \item University of Colorado, Boulder, CO -- Founder and director of the APAS Help Center, a free tutoring center which assisted dozens of diverse undergraduates in the physical sciences every year. My role included securing funding, tutoring, and managing a group of about 10 paid graduate student tutors. 1992--1995. \end{itemize*} \textbf{HONORS} \begin{itemize*} \item[] Outstanding Student Presentation in Atmospheric Sciences Section, Fall AGU Meeting, San Francisco CA, 1995 \end{itemize*} \textbf{COURSES TAUGHT} \begin{itemize*} \item[] Earth System Science 20E: The Atmosphere \item[] Earth System Science 111/211: Radiative Processes and Remote Sensing \end{itemize*} \textbf{COLLABORATORS} \begin{itemize*} \item[] C.~A. Ammann (U.~Massachusetts Amherst), G.~B. Bonan (NCAR), G.~P. Brasseur (MPI Hamburg), R.~D. Cess (SUNY Stonybrook), P.~Ch\'ylek (Dalhousie), W.~D. Collins (NCAR), J.~T. Kiehl (NCAR), N.~M. Mahowald (UC Santa Barbara), G.~McFarquhar (NCAR) K.~Oleson (NCAR), P.~J. Rasch (NCAR), X.~X. Tie (NCAR), F.~P.~J. Valero (Scripps), S.~Yu (Duke) \end{itemize*} \end{document}