Online version: http://dust.ess.uci.edu/doc/abb Feb 2, 2004

L^AT_EX Cheat Sheet

by Charlie Zender
University of California at Irvine
Department of Earth System Science zender@uci.edu
University of California Voice: (949) 824-2987
Irvine, CA 92697-3100 Fax: (949) 824-3256

Copyright © 2000-2003, Charles S. Zender
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. The license is available online at http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/copyleft/fdl.html.

1 Introduction
2 L^AT_EX Installation
        2.0.1 Personal packages
    2.1 ps2pdf
    2.2 ps2epsi
    2.3 Posters
    2.4 dvips
    2.5 PDFTEX
        2.5.1 Viewing
        2.5.2 pdfscreen
        2.5.3 thumbpdf
        2.5.4 pdfthumb
    2.6 Tables
        2.6.1 epstopdf
        2.6.2 Upgrading
3 Using L^AT_EX
    3.1 NFSS
        3.1.1 usefont
        3.1.2 suffixes
    3.2 Dependencies
    3.3 Citations
    3.4 Indicating Definitions, Commands, Files
    3.5 TEX Info
        3.5.1 Inserting TEX into TEX Info
        3.5.2 Texi2html
        3.5.3 Tth
        3.5.4 Tex4ht
    3.6 HTML/SGML
    3.7 Indexing
    3.8 Line Numbering
    3.9 Vertical Spacing
    3.10 Horizontal Spacing
    3.11 Verbatim
    3.12 CVS
    3.13 Watermarks
    3.14 Symbols
    3.15 Graphics
    3.16 Trademarks
    3.17 Currencies
    3.18 Acronyms and Abbreviation
    3.19 Text Samples with math a
4 Text Typography
    4.1 Gothic
    4.2 Text Fonts
5 Math
    5.1 Math Conventions
    5.2 Math Equations
    5.3 Math Fonts
    5.4 Math Samples
Index

List of Figures

1 Shortwave Cloud Forcing
2 R2D2

List of Tables

    1 Font Attributes
    2 Filename Suffixes
    3 Text Object Types
    4 HTML/SGML Special Characters
    5 TEX Family Symbols
    6 Typesetting Text
    7 Text Series and Styles
    8 Text Fonts
    9 Math Fonts
    10 Typesetting Math

1 Introduction

omeone once said that the best way to learn a language was to speak it. This is my attempt to learn L^AT_EX, one of the most challenging and useful languages ever devised. This section is devoted to introductory material and matters generic to typography. Section 2 describes L^AT_EX installation and maintenance, Section 3 contains hints on using L^AT_EX, Section 4 is devoted to text typography, Section 5 covers formatting mathematics.

is undefined Incidentally, the first letter of the preceding paragraph was "dropped" by calling the macro defined by the package: .... Another package capable of handling large first letters of paragraphs is the package. Most of the documentation for lettrine appears to be in French, however.

2 L^AT_EX Installation

This section describes L^AT_EX installation, maintenance, and upgrades. Thanks to Thomas Esser for producing the T_EX distribution that I use, .

Many Olympian T_EX and L^AT_EX gurus do not like the RedHat GNU/Linux installation. Apparently RedHat does not change the tetex defaults from their European settings. This may cause vertical margins to change in weird ways, e.g., in printouts but not in , or in but not in . When this occurs the solution is to reconfigure T_EX by running as root:

sudo texconfig dvips paper letter
sudo texconfig xdvi us

2.0.1 Personal Packages

The and environmental variables determine the T_EX search path. These should be set in startup files, e.g., :

export TEXINPUTS=".:${HOME}/tex//:${HOME}/crr//:${DATA}/ps//: \
        ${TEXMFDIR}/pdftex//:${TEXMFDIR}/tex//::" 
export BIBINPUTS=".:${HOME}/tex//:${TEXMFDIR}/bibtex//::"

If these variables are not set then packages must be in the current directory or the default system search paths. The :: activates the default system search paths. The // indicates that directories beneath the specified directory should be searched recursively. These symbolic links should not be necessary when TEXINPUTS contains ${HOME}/tex//:

sudo ln -s ${HOME}/tex/ncarletter.cls ${HOME}/tex/cls/ncarletter.cls
sudo ln -s ${HOME}/tex/zenletter.cls ${HOME}/tex/cls/zenletter.cls
sudo ln -s ${HOME}/tex/bib.bib ${HOME}/tex/cls/bib.bib
sudo ln -s ${HOME}/tex/csz.sty ${HOME}/tex/cls/csz.sty
sudo ln -s ${HOME}/tex/jgr_abb.tex ${HOME}/tex/cls/jgr_abb.tex
sudo ln -s ${HOME}/tex/cls ${TEXMFDIR}/tex/latex/csz
sudo ln -s ${HOME}/tex/bst ${TEXMFDIR}/bibtex/bst/csz
sudo texhash

Using L^AT_EX to produce PDF files is lots of fun. There is an entire website devoted to this topic.

2.1 ps2pdf

The program converts complex files into files. is the replacement for . A distiller killer, you might say. It is highly configurable; full details are available here.

ps2pdf -dMaxSubsetPct=100 -dCompatibilityLevel=1.2 -dSubsetFonts=true \
-dEmbedAllFonts=true -sAutoRotatePages=PageByPage \
-sColorConversionStrategy=LeaveColorUnchanged in.ps out.pdf

The and switches are important when converting slide presentations.

2.2 ps2epsi

The program recomputes the minimal possible bounding box of and files.

ps2epsi foo.eps foo.eps

2.3 Posters

Creating conference using L^AT_EX is not well documented. The package is designed to hold conference posters. can break up a poster into letter (or A4) sized pieces, which you can then put back together like a big jigsaw puzzle. First, though, you may need to turn your poster into an file using , :

gs -q -sDEVICE=epswrite -sOutputFile=${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03.eps -r600 -q - < ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03.ps
epssplit -o ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03_mlt.ps -mar 2.5mm ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03.eps

Use to resize the poster to fit onto a single page. Default units are points, but either cm or in may be specified for centimeters or inches, respectively.

psresize -W1106 -H905 -w2728.575 -h3334.59 ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03.ps ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03_ltr.ps
psresize -Wwdt_in -Hhgt_in -wwdt_out -hhgt_out ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03.ps ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03_ltr.ps
psresize -W60.0in -H40.0in -w11.00in -h8.5in ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03.ps ${DATA}/ps/pst_ZNT03_ltr.ps

Poster sizes should take advantage of common large format printer sizes. The most common printer widths are 36 and 42 inches. The UCI ImageWorks print shop ((949) 824-6414, Natural Sciences I, Room 2112) charges about $10 + $12 for 36 inch-wide posters, and $15 + $15 for 42 inch-wide posters.

2.4 dvips

The program converts files to files. It also helps generate other formats such as PDF.

dvips -o nco.ps nco.dvi # Convert DVI to Postscript

One very important feature of is that it may be used to generate beautiful PDF files without having to invoke . This is accomplished by setting the output pipe to PDF

dvips -Ppdf -G0 -o nco.ps nco.dvi # Convert to Postscript intermediate, then PDF
ps2pdf -Ppdf -G0 nco.ps nco.pdf # Convert Postscript to PDF

The resulting PDF file does not preserve the helpful PDF features, such as hyperlinks, but it does appear as intended in PDF readers such as . This procedure is very useful when does not work, e.g., for complicated files, or when the source is in some other format, e.g., .

Unfortunately, the -Ppdf switch may typeset ligatures such as "fi" or "ff" incorrectly. The solution is to add the -G0 switch, or to upgrade to more recent versions of . It is also recommend to add -Pcmz and -amz switches. This is explained in the T_EX FAQ.

Another feature of is its ability to produce (Encapsulated Postscript) files from all or parts of a document.

dvips -Ppdf -G0 -E -i -o rt.ps rt.dvi # Convert to Postscript intermediate, then PDF

2.5 PDFT_EX

PDFT_EX tends to give inscrutable error messages. For more informative diagnostics, invoke with pdflatex -k 255 foo.tex.

There are two distinct commands that de-L^AT_EX files, and . These converters are really L^AT_EX-strippers-they only do a good job of preserving unformatted text. A good alternative for formatted text is convert the PDF file, rather than the L^AT_EX file, to text. accomplishes this.

Foiltex requires the dvips option in order to produce landscape mode foils. The hyperref package interferes with Foiltex and breaks the rotating capability.

2.5.1 Viewing

The three free readers , , and all display PDFT_EX files. The Adobe-supplied was intentiaionally crippled to not refresh documents on the fly. To circumvent this, keep another document open, then use C-w to close the document and C-o to open the file again. However, does have the nice ability to convert PDF to using, e.g.,

acroread -help # Print acroread options
acroread -toPostScript -level2 -size letter -pairs -shrink fl_nm.pdf fl_nm.ps
for fl in `ls *.pdf` ; do
acroread -toPostScript -level2 -size letter -pairs -shrink ${fl} ${fl/pdf/ps}
done
for fl in `ls *.ps` ; do lpr ${fl}; done

2.5.2 pdfscreen

Another useful package is pdfscreen. pdfscreen relies heavily on hyperref and a number of other packages. I have installed the entirety of pdfscreen in ${TEXMFDIR}/tex/latex/pdfscreen. However, only and a few other files in the directory are strictly required for the installation to work. This should be fixed so the T_EX directory does not cruft up. Printing pdfscreen presentations is sometimes useful. To do this, set

pdfpagemode={FullScreen}, % Starts in full screen mode, hit 'Esc' to escape
pdfmenubar=true % Allow access to reader's menubar

in the \hypersetup portion of the preamble. This will start the presentation in full screen mode and make the reader (e.g., ) menubar available once the presentation is "escaped" using, e.g., Esc.

2.5.3 thumbpdf

PDF files have the capability to show , reduced-size images of each page. The various T_EX engines do not generate thumbnails automatically (since they are), so that some intervention is required to insert them in the final PDF document. The two freely available methods are the package, by , and , a part of the (P⁴) project. The typical usage of is

pdflatex ltx.tex;thumbpdf ltx;pdflatex ltx.tex

The package may also be used in Postscript processing This is accomplished by setting the output pipe to PDF

dvips -Ppdf -G0 -o ${DATA}/ps/ltx.ps ltx.dvi
thumbpdf --modes=dvips --level2 --useps ${DATA}/ps/ltx.ps
dvips -Ppdf -G0 -o ${DATA}/ps/ltx.ps ltx.dvi
ps2pdf ${DATA}/ps/ltx.ps ${DATA}/ps/ltx.pdf
pdf2ps ${DATA}/ps/ltx.pdf ${DATA}/ps/ltx.ps

2.5.4 pdfthumb

The P⁴ http://www-sp.iti.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/software/ppower4project created the PDF Presentation Post Processor. Install this package in generic directories then create thumbnail additions to any PDF file.

sudo mkdir ${TEXMFDIR}/tex/generic/ppower4
sudo mv *.sty ${TEXMFDIR}/tex/generic/ppower4
sudo mv ppower4 pdfthumb /usr/local/bin
pdfthumb in.pdf out.pdf

2.6 Tables

Tables are perhaps the most difficult-to-master aspect of L^AT_EX. Use the package to .

\begin{sidewaystable}

\end{sidewaystable}

When large portions of text (many pages) are to be printed sideways, then mode is called for. Footnotes in tables are also tricky.

2.6.1 epstopdf

PDFT_EX does not recognize files directly. Instead these must be converted to PDF-format with . The package by Heiko Oberdiek is very useful when using PDFL^AT_EX.

for fl in `ls *.eps` ; do
epstopdf ${fl}
done

However, a much simpler solution is to include the package which does this automatically. It will convert Postscript () and encapsulated Postscript () files to files () automatically (using ) if the files do not already exist. However, this capability is intrinsically somewhat insecure since it involves allowing L^AT_EX to run shell commands. Hence, is not installed by default and special permissions must be set to activate it. To enable this feature at run-time use, e.g., pdflatex -shell-escape test.tex. To permanently enable this feature for the whole distribution set shell_escape = 1 in configuration file texmf.cnf.

2.6.2 Upgrading

Upgrading PDFT_EX:

cd ${DATA}/tmp;mkdir pdftex;cd pdftex
ftp://ftp.muni.cz/pub/tex/local/cstug/thanh/pdftex/snapshots
gunzip pdftex-20010806-linux.zip
./configure --prefix=/usr --datadir=/usr/share
make
sudo mv /usr/bin/pdfetex /usr/bin/pdftex /usr/bin/ttf2afm /data/zender/bck
sudo mv ${TEXMFDIR}/web2c/pdftex.pool ${TEXMFDIR}/web2c/pdfetex.pool /data/zender/bck
sudo cp pdfetex pdftex ttf2afm pdftosrc /usr/bin
sudo cp pdfetex.pool pdftex.pool ${TEXMFDIR}/web2c
sudo texhash

cd ${DATA}/tmp;mkdir pdftex;cd pdftex
sudo mv pdftex-20010806.tgz ${DATA}/tmp/pdftex
tar xvzf pdftex-20010806.tgz
cd src
./configure --prefix=/usr/share
cd texk/web2c
make pdftexbin
cd ${DATA}/tmp/pdftex/src/texk/web2c
sudo cp pdfetex pdftex ttf2afm pdftosrc /usr/bin
sudo cp pdfetex.pool pdftex.pool ${TEXMFDIR}/web2c

Binaries and pool files are located in the directory ${DATA}/tmp/pdftex/src/texk/web2c. You must regenerate .fmt files pdftex.fmt and pdflatex.fmt after installing a new version of the PDFT_EX binary and pdftex.pool files.

pdftex -ini -fmt=pdftex plain \\dump
pdftex -ini -fmt=pdflatex latex.ltx

sudo fmtutil --byfmt pdftex
sudo fmtutil --byfmt pdflatex

Apparently, texconfig init may do both in one fell swoop.

Then update the graphics .def file to the newest version at http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/pdftex/graphics/pdftex.def

find /usr/share/ -name pdftex.def
cd ${TEXMFDIR}/tex/latex/graphics/
sudo mv pdftex.def pdftex.def.orig
sudo cp ~/pdftex.def .

3 Using L^AT_EX

3.1 NFSS

The font scheme used in L^AT_EX is known as the (). recognizes five distinct font attributes: , , , , and which may be set individually with the commands fontencoding{encode}, fontfamily{fam}, fontseries{wt_wth}, fontshape{form}, and fontsize{line_sp}. The font series consists of two values, weight and width, concatenated sequentially into one argument, wt_wth of between one and four characters, e.g., ebsc. The font size takes two separate arguments, the point size of the font and the value of . Table 1 shows sample values for each font attribute.

Table 1: Font Attributes¹

Attribute	Value
Encoding	OT1 OT2 T1 OML OMS OMX U
Family	cmr cmss cmtt
	Computer modern roman, Computer modern sans serif, Computer modern typewriter
Series (weight)	ul el l sl m sb b eb ub
	Ultralight, Extralight, Light, Semilight, Medium, Semibold, Bold, Extrabold, Ultrabold
Series (width)	uc ec c sc m sx x ex ux
	Ultracondensed, Extracondensed, Condensed, Semicondensed, Medium, Semiexpanded, Expanded, Extraexpanded, Ultraexpanded
Shape	n it sl sc u
	Normal, Italic, Slanted, Small caps
Size

L^AT_EX comes with an interactive document which prints font tables on demand.

latex ${TEXMFDIR}/tex/latex/base/nfssfont.tex
Name of the font to test = ygoth
\help
\sample
\bye

3.1.1 usefont

Fonts may be swiftly changed with the macro. This macro takes four arguments: .

3.1.2 suffixes

Table 2 shows the conventional meaning of some of the filename suffixes in the L^AT_EX universe.

Table 2: Filename Suffixes²

Suffix	Example	Meaning
.tfm	pplr.tfm

Some characters such as are hard to access. For this purpose, use the command . For example, \symbol{126} produces ~, the tilde symbol.

3.2 Dependencies

Building and maintaining complex L^AT_EX files is non-trivial and requires effort similar to maintaining a complex model. There are two ways to keep track of the dependencies of a source file. The first is to add the command somewhere in the document preamble. This causes L^AT_EX to print the file dependencies to screen during processing. The second is to add the command \RequirePackage{snapshot} before the command. This will generate a dependency file (*.dep) file.

3.3 Citations

Here we try some typical L^AT_EX bibliographic citations

Recommended format for citing is demonstrated by invoking \cite{Zen01b}: Zender , [2001]

3.4 Indicating Definitions, Commands, Files

It is helpful to indicate what type of object text refers to. For example, the T_EXInfo documentation system discriminates between 15 types of text object. Not all those types are relevent here since, e.g., L^AT_EX has superb citation handling ability already. Table 3 list the types of text objects that appear in this documentation, and the commands necessary to indicate that type of text.

Table 3: Text Object Types³

Command	Meaning
	Indicating program code
	Showing keyboard input
	Specifying keys
	Showing a literal sequence of characters
	Indicating metasyntactic variables
	Indicating environment variables
	Indicating file names
	Indicating command names
	Indicating option names
	Specifying definitions
	Referring to books
	Indicating acronyms
	Indicating a World Wide Web reference
	Indicating an electronic mail address

For consistency, most object types are defined exactly as in T_EXInfo.

3.5

A large suite of tools is available for manipulating L^AT_EX and documents.

3.5.1 Inserting T_EX into

@tex
% Define TeX macros to roughly correspond to LaTeX style files
\def\dfr{d} % [frc] Math differential
@end tex

3.5.2 Texi2html

The command converts -format manuals into format. The sources are available from the server

cvs -d :pserver:t2h-anon@urmel.mathematik.uni-kl.de:/usr/local/Singular/cvsroot login
cvs -d :pserver:t2h-anon@urmel.mathematik.uni-kl.de:/usr/local/Singular/cvsroot co Texi2html

with the password texi2html.

3.5.3 Tth

The (T_EX-to-HTML) command converts L^AT_EX-format documents into format.

tth -a -Lltx -p${TEXINPUTS}:${BIBINPUTS} < ltx.tex > ltx.html

The -a switch tells to automatically run commands like , , etc., to generate any necessary auxiliary files. Tell the root word for the auxiliary files with the -L switch. searches for files on the path specified by the -p switch. Full documentation is available at . According to the manual,

TTH does not recognize the command by default because the L^AT_EX macros that are input by this command almost always contain catcode changes or other usages incompatible with TTH. oTTH requires that personal packages use instead of . This usually imposes non-generic, and thus unacceptable, constraints on the source L^AT_EX document.

3.5.4 Tex4ht

is both a package and a program that converts L^AT_EX-format documents into . It is best to invoke the suite of programs using the script.

htlatex ltx.tex

This produces HTML files of the form , , , , , , ,

If interested in displaying pages with , in particular, use the script:

mzlatex ltx.tex

This produces XML files of the form .

3.6 HTML/SGML

() is used to encode documents displayed by most Web browsers. Table 4 summarizes the most common ways to implement of in HTML, and their L^AT_EX equivalents.

Table 4: HTML/SGML Special Characters⁴

Mnemonic HTML	Numeric HTML	L^AT_EX	Result
`<foo@bar>`	`<foo@bar>`	`$<$foo@bar$>$`	< `foo@bar` >
`è`	`è`	\`{e}	`è`
`é`	`é`	`\'{e}`	`é`
`ý`	`ý`	`\'{y}`	`ý`
` `	` `	`non-breakable space`	non-breakable space
`C. S. Zender`	`C. S. Zender`	`C.~S. Zender`	`C. S. Zender`
`Α`	Α	$\Alpha$	a (Greek capital letter alpha)
`α`	α	$\alpha$	a (Greek small letter alpha)
`−`	−	$-$	- (Minus sign)
`€`	€	`\euro`	(euro sign)
`©`	`©`	`\copyright`	`©`
`&emsp;`	` `	`foo\;bar`	foo bar (em space)
`&ensp;`	` `	`foo\:bar`	foo bar (en space)
` `	` `	`foo\,bar`	foo bar (thin space)
`—`	`—`	`---`	- (em dash)
`–`	`–`	`--`	- (en dash
`‘`	`‘`	`foo`	`foo` (left single quotation mark)
`’`	`’`	`'foo'`	'foo' (right single quotation mark)
`“`	`“`	``foo``	"foo" (left double quotation mark)
`”`	`”`	`''foo''`	"foo" (right double quotation mark)

3.7 Indexing

Here we show some typical L^AT_EX indexing and cross-indexing which make use of the command and derivations thereof.

The following instance of the word "quark" is indexed using \trmdfn{quark}: . When processed with the \usepackage[hyperindex]{hyperref} package, the index should point back to this instance (as long as backref=true).
The following instance of the word "quark" is indexed using \trmidx{quark}: .
1. The following index of the author "Homer Simpson" uses
  \trmdfn[Simpson, Homer]{Homer Simpson} so that "Homer Simpson" appears verbatim in the text but is indexed by the optional argument "Simpson, Homer": . Compare this to \trmidx[Simpson, Homer]{Homer Simpson}: and to \trmidx{Homer Simpson}: .
Related concepts may be cross-indexed and sub-sorted as well. For example \index{Frodo|see{Baggins}} places 'Frodo, see Baggins' in the index. Nesting related item is accomplished by, e.g., \index{Baggins!Frodo}, \index{Baggins!Bilbo}, \index{Baggins!Bilbo!adventures}, \index{Baggins!Bilbo!rings}.
The index requires some help to determine where to place non-standard symbols. For example, should be indexed alphbetically as "Metafont", not as "
Metafont", while should be indexed alphabetically as "MF". This is accomplished by the command \index{Metafont@\MF}. The argument before the @ is the lexicographical value of the entry used for alphabetization, and the argument after the @ is the value actually written to the index. By the same token, the command \index{index@\verb+\index+} places the word \index under the letter "i". Note that this method is tedious and prone to error since it involves typing the word "index" three times. Heiko Oberdiek has provided me with the command, which prints \cmdltxidx in the text and in the index at the correct alphabetical location.

3.8 Line Numbering

To number each line in a document, use the package . The command turns on line-numbering, and the turns it off. To demonstrate, the next few sections have line-numbering turned on. The package is very flexible and supports options like , , etc. even supports labeling lines and refering to specific lines with the standard reference commands, e.g., . Unfortunately, line-numbering is expensive in terms of processing time and contents of the auxiliary file, so expect L^AT_EX to slow down when large amounts of material are numbered.

When printing source code, it may be desirable to nicely format certain keywords in the language. The L^AT_EX command prints "" instead of the unformatted "".

3.9 Vertical Spacing

To change the vertical spacing in a document, use the package .

3.10 Horizontal Spacing

Spacing between numbers and dimensions is a complicated issue. The issue is most often ignored by novices, and, for those who care, there are no universal solutions. A related question is the spacing between multiple physical dimensions in a single unit, so-called . The J. Fluid. Mech. convention appears to be a space between the value and dimension, and then a space for interdimensional spacing, e.g., 5\;cm\,s$^{-1}$ produces 5 cm s^-1. journals appear to use \, in both positions, e.g., 5\,cm\,s$^{-1}$ produces 5 cm s^-1.

3.11 Verbatim

The package contains extensive options to nicely format input code. First one must define the current language environment with the command, e.g., Once \lstset has been initialized, the command is used to format code inline, and the environment is available to place longer code fragments in display style.

The srcltx package enables to display L^AT_EX code synchronized with the display: Also consider the package by .

3.12 CVS

Using CVS in L^AT_EX documents is not straightforward. Norman Gray recommended the following on comp.text.tex

\def\CVS$#1: #2 ${\expandafter\def\csname CVS#1\endcsname{#2}}
\CVS$Revision$
\CVS$Date$

and use it like \date{\CVSDate, version \CVSRevision}. This recipe only works when CVS versioning is turned on, i.e., when the -kk option is not specified. The above definition must appear in the document being tracked, i.e., the .tex file, rather than a style file. Otherwise the version information will reflect the evolution of the style file and not the document being tracked. Unfortunately this contributes to preamble bloat.

3.13 Watermarks

Printing a message on each page is useful to watermark draft work, so it is a . To do this in L^AT_EX, use the package by Juergen Vollmer. The word "DRAFT" (assuming an English document) will be blazed across the specified pages. ghostview has troubles showing DRAFT watermark in the on-screen window. Ghostscript (gs) works fine with watermarks.

Watermarking -generated files requires a more sophisticated package called eso-pic which is contained in Martin Schroëder's ms bundle. For , try the following:

\usepackage[pdftex]{graphics,color} % 
\usepackage{eso-pic} % Required for Draft (\AddToShipoutPicture)
\AddToShipoutPicture{\resizebox{0.9\pdfpagewidth}{0.9\pdfpageheight}%           
{\rotatebox{60}{\color[gray]{0.8}\hspace*{5mm}\textsc{Sample Paper}}}}

3.14 Symbols

The variety of symbols L^AT_EX can produce is astounding. The definitive source of these symbols is the Symbols document by M. Scott Pakin, available from ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/. Some of the more frequently used T_EX-related symbols are listed in Table 5. The \usepackage{texnames} makes the proper logos available, but, according to Robin Fairbairns, it is an out-of-date, poorly coded package which should be avoided if possible (i.e., use mflogo instead for ).

Table 5: T_EX Family Symbols⁵

Symbol	Command	Package
T_EX		none
	`\TeX{}Info`,	csz
L^AT_EX	, `\LATEX`	none, texnames
		none
		mflogo
	`\METAFONT`	texnames
	`\AMSTEX`, `\AmSTeX`,	texnames
	`\BIBTEX`, `\BIBTeX`,	texnames

According to the UK T_EX FAQ, "For those who don't wish to acquire the 'proper' logos, the canonical thing to do is to say AMS-\TeX for AMS-T_EX, Pic\TeX for PicT_EX, Bib\TeX for BibT_EX, and so on." Extending this advice to More recent packages have their own styles. A few of the more useful are \textsc{pdf}\TeX for PDFT_EX, and \textsc{pdf}\LaTeX for PDFL^AT_EX.

Often a font is named after its creator, whether a person or a company. Thus learning the names of font creators is a good mnemonic for the package names. The marvosym fonts are named for "Martin Vogel's Symbols".

3.15 Graphics

Inclusion of graphics images is controlled by the graphix package. The macro imports Postscript (*.ps) and encapsulated Postscript (*.eps) files automatically.

Normally graphics in documents, i.e., their position varies so as to flow well with the surrounding text. These floats are usually placed within the figure environment, so that a caption may be easily added. With sizing and caption, the skeleton code to include a graphical figure looks like

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\hsize]{SWCF_x_01}\vfill
\includegraphics[width=0.5\hsize]{SWCF_x_07}%
\caption[Shortwave Cloud Forcing]{SWCF for (a) January and (b) July.  
\label{fgr:SWCF_x1}}
\end{figure*}

Figure Figure Figure 1: SWCF for (a) January and (b) July.

Similar commands produced Figure . The figure environment only spans a single text column. The figure* environment spans all columns in a multi-column document. The location of the float is an optional argument to the figure environment, e.g., \begin{figure*}[b] to place the float at the bottom of the current or the next page.

It is not straightforward to import other graphics types. Raster graphics such as and must first be converted to Postscript. L^AT_EX will do this automatically if it knows the conversion rules. This may be accomplished with the command. The prerequisite is that a shell-executable exist which can produce Postscript. The command gif2eps used to exist and could handle images. Here is how a figure might be indicated

\DeclareGraphicsRule{.gif}{eps}{}{`gif2eps #1 -} % Convert GIF files to eps
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5in,height=0.5in]{/data/zender/fgr/dmr/r2d2.gif}
\caption[R2D2]{R2D2.\label{fgr:r2d2}}
\end{figure*}

Figure Figure 2: R2D2.

These commands produced Figure 2. Note the use of the width and height options to size the figure. If only one dimension were given, then graphicx would automatically maintain the natural aspect ratio of the figure.

3.16 Trademarks

Identifying intellectual property correctly requires some knowledge of copyrights and trademarks. What distinguishes a trademark from a registered trademark or a service mark is not clear. L^AT_EX automatically makes available the symbols , , and to denote these marks . For example, this work is Copyright © 2000-2003 by me. Linux\textregistered produces Linux. Linux\texttrademark produces Linux (where the superscript is automatic). However, the text companion package textcomp provides nicer versions of \texttrademark and \textregistered than the defaults, so remember to load it for important documents. textcomp also provides some symbols that are unique, such as (e.g., Linux), (), (), and ().

3.17 Currencies

The , the official currency of the European Union, may be typeset with (). Other currency symbols include...

3.18 Acronyms and Abbreviation

Abbreviations are contractions of phrases into a sequence of letters each usually representing the first letter of a word. Abbreviations are not intended to be pronounced as a single word. For example, USA is an abbreviation. Acronyms are abbreviations which are pronounceable without spelling the abbreviation letter-by-letter. Thus IBM is not an acronym, but NATO is.

Typographical conventions set acronyms in a "smallcaps" font, i.e., a font where capital letters are smaller than the regular text font. In T_EX, smallcaps is one of the font shapes (§3.1). Periodicals which follow this convention include The Economist. Thus acronyms may be correctly typeset "on the fly" using the macro. For example, \textsc{nco} produces NCO, while \textsc{Unix} produces UNIX. There is also a homebrew macro, , which is currently just a wrapper for \textsc. For example, \acr{nco} produces .

After raising the question "When to use smallcaps for acronyms?" on the comp.text.tex USENET list, a variety of answers and rationales were proposed. Robin Fairbairns noted that Barbara Beeton specified a not-quite-small caps variant for use in Tugboat. His code for that is

\usepackage{relsize}
\def\acro#1{\textsmaller{#1}\@}
\acro{TUG} conferences aren't much like \acro{SOSP}s.

Others simply use a small text font

\newcommand{\cap}[1]{{\small{#1}}}
\newcommand{\capRB}[1]{\raisebox{1pt}{\small{(}}\small{#1}\raisebox{1pt}{\small{)}}} 
\TeX\ User Group \capRB{TUG} conferences aren't much like \cap{SOSP}s.

3.19 Text Samples

Here we try some typical L^AT_EX text formatting.

Here we use the custom (degree) macro, first in text mode, then in math mode. \dgr uses so there should be no discernible difference: 10\dgr S--10\dgr N gives "10 S-10 N". 10$\dgr$S--10$\dgr$N gives "10\dgrS-10\dgrN".
will automatically scale a graphic to fit within a given box while maintaining aspect ratio with this argument width=xxx,height=yyy,keepaspectratio

Two commands useful for typesetting and are and . Table 6 show the results of various typesetting techniques on URLs, including problematic long URLs.


Table 6: Typesetting Text⁶


L^AT_EX Command	Result

Table 7: (continued)

L^AT_EX Command	Result


`\url{nco.sourceforge.net}`	`nco.sourceforge.net`
`\href{http://nco.sourceforge.net}{NCO Homepage}`	NCO Homepage
`\url{zender@uci.edu}`	`zender@uci.edu`
`\url{http://some/really/long/URL/that/wants/to/wrap}`	`http://some/really/long/URL/that/wants/to/wrap`
`\href{http://some/really/long/URL/that/wants/to/wrap}{Short Name}`	Short Name

Unfortunately, the driver is unable to automatically break URLs across lines. On the other hand, intelligently breaks URLs whenever necessary. A thread initiated on Oct. 24, 2001 by Olive Moeller discusses the reasons for this. Thus, as demonstrated in Table 6, documents may be formatted differently depending on whether they are produced with or .

4 Text Typography

4.1 Gothic

othic fonts occupy a special place in the history of typography since they appear in the oldest typeset texts in Western civilization. Yannis Haralambous used to design four interesting Old German fonts. The Gothic letter initiating this paragraph if from the "Yannis initial" font called yinit. As mentioned above, the initial letter of paragraphs is "dropped" with the dropcaps package, in this case \bigdrop{0pt}{3}{yinit}{G}othic.... Unfortunately, accessing non-default fonts in L^AT_EX generally involves manipulating a very detailed and complex specification scheme, (§3.1).

Yannis Fraktur: \usefont{U}{yfrak}{m}{n} Hello, World.
Yannis Gothic: \usefont{U}{ygoth}{m}{n} Hello, World.
Yannis Schwabacher: \usefont{U}{yswab}{m}{n} Hello, World.
Yannis Initial: \usefont{U}{yinit}{m}{n} Hello, World.

4.2 Text Fonts

Table 7 shows different series and styles of the default text font.


Table 8: Text Series and Styles⁷


L^AT_EX Font	Result

Table 9: (continued)

L^AT_EX Font	Result


	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	`ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789`

	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789
	ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789

Table 8 shows different families of text fonts.


Table 10: Text Fonts⁸


L^AT_EX Font	Result

Table 11: (continued)

L^AT_EX Font	Result

5 Math Typography

5.1 Math Conventions

The ISO has established conventions regarding symbols appearing in mathematical documents . The most often violated convention, which is also easy avoided with L^AT_EX, concerns the use of upright fonts for symbols denoting fixed, constant values. So, for example, the base of the should be denoted \me rather than simply e. This is accomplished by using $\me$ rather than $e$ . Likewise the imaginary number is \mi () rather than i ( $i$ ); is \mpi () rather than p (), and the symbol for a element is, e.g., \dfr x ( $\dfr x$ ), rather than dx ( $dx$ ). Uppercase upright Greek symbols may be obtained from the symbols font or from the txfonts package. is a bold upright mathematical font, and contains only Latin and uppercase Greek letters. The package supplies upright Greek letters when the normal letter command is prefixed with "up", e.g., \uppi produces \uppi whereas \pi produces p. Unfortunately, the letters produced by appear to be boldface. The package boldfaces Greek letters (as does the or "Poor man's bold" from ). The packages and create full, bold-italic, alphabets in the and fonts, respectively. Whether this convention applies to Greek numerical prefixes is unclear. For example, a , 10^-6 , is often written "mm" ($\mu$m). The m in mm, however, has a fixed value (10^-6). It is, in essence, a universal constant much like \mpi. Therefore microns should be written with an upright mu, i.e., \upmum. Most journals, including journals, adhere to this format.

According to Kopka and Daly , [1999], p. 142:

Simple variables are represented by italic letters, a b c x y z.

Vectors are written in bold face italic, as B v w.

Tensors of 2nd order and matrices may appear in a sans serif font, as M D I

The special numbers \me, \mi, \mpi, as well as the differential operator \dfr, are to be written in an upright font to emphasize that they are not variables.

A measurement consisting of a number plus a dimension is an indivisible unit, with a smaller than normal space between them, as 5.3 and 62 . The dimension is set in an upright font.

Kopka and Daly , [1999] recommend using

5.2 Math Equations

Lengthy derivations may require breaking the derivation across a page boundary. It is generally considered smarter to diallow page breaks between equation lines by default, and to require the author to specifically enable them where necessary. Thus normal display environments, e.g., the eqnarray environment, do not, by default, allow breaking across pages. The command causes a break in a particular equation on a particular page. The optimal position for the \displaybreak is just before the \\ where it should take effect. \displaybreak takes an optional integer argument valued 0 to 4 to indicate the degree of penalty associated with breaking a display environment, with 0 merely allowing a break to take place, and 4 requiring that the page break, e.g., \displaybreak[4].

also supplies the macro which changes the default to permit displayed equations to flow smoothly from one page to the next. This macro should be placed in the document preamble. \allowdisplaybreaks takes an optional integer argument valued 1 to 4 to indicate the degree of penalty associated with breaking a display environment, with 4 being the most permissive, e.g., \allowdisplaybreaks[4].

5.3 Math Fonts

Table 9 shows the different mathematical fonts. The command is defined by multiple packages. When \usepackage[mathscr]{eucal} is employed, \mathscr prints a vertical script font, but when \usepackage{mathrsfs} is in effect \mathscr prints an ornate and very curvy script font reminiscent of wedding invitations.


Table 12: Math Fonts⁹


L^AT_EX Command	Result

Table 13: (continued)

L^AT_EX Command	Result


	o

	o











	fxm 20030224: Began producing "Too many math alphabets used in "version normal" error here after upgreek added, thus some fonts are not being printed

5.4 Math Samples

L^AT_EX contains many useful, but hard-to-remember, commands and symbols for formatting mathematics. It is easy to forget when to use uncommon symbols like , , and . Table 10 shows results of different mathematical typesetting techniques.


Table 14: Typesetting Math¹⁰


L^AT_EX Command	Result

Table 15: (continued)

L^AT_EX Command	Result


`\frac{\partial \prs}{\partial \tpt}\|_{\vlm}`	- _
`\frac{\partial \prs}{\partial \tpt}\big\|_{\vlm}`	- _
`\frac{\partial \prs}{\partial \tpt}\Big\|_{\vlm}`	- _
`\frac{\partial \prs}{\partial \tpt}\bigg\|_{\vlm}`	- _
`\frac{\partial \prs}{\partial \tpt}\Bigg\|_{\vlm}`	- _
`10\dgr \times 10\dgr`	10 10
`\tilde{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\tilde{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`
`\tilde{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\tilde{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`
`\bar{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\bar{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`
`\bar{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\bar{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`
`\hat{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\hat{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`
`\hat{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\hat{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`
`\overline{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\overline{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`
`\overline{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\overline{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`
`\underline{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\underline{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`	_
`\underline{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\underline{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`	_^2
`\dot{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\dot{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`
`\dot{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\dot{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`
`\ddot{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\ddot{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`
`\ddot{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\ddot{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`
`\vec{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}`	_
`\vec{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}}`
`\vec{\dmt}_{\nbrsbs}^{2}`	_^2
`\vec{\dmt_{\nbrsbs}^{2}}`
`\imath`
`\vec{\imath}`
`\hat{\imath}`
`\mathbf{\vec{\iii}}`
`\mathbf{\iii}`
`\mathbf{\hat{i}}`
`\mbox{\boldmath$\hat{\imath}$}`	[^(i)]
`\mbox{\boldmath$\hat{\iii}$}`	[^\iii]
`\jmath`
`\vec{\jmath}`
`\hat{\jmath}`
`\mathbf{\hat{j}}`
`\mbox{\boldmath$\hat{\jmath}$}`	[^j]
`\vec{k}`
`\hat{k}`
`\mathbf{\hat{k}}`
`\mbox{\boldmath$\hat{k}$}`	[^(k)]
`\int_{0}^{\infty} \dstnbrrds \; \dfr\rds`	_0^
`\int_{0}^{\infty} \dstnbrrds \: \dfr\rds`	_0^
`\int_{0}^{\infty} \dstnbrrds \, \dfr\rds`	_0^
`\int_{0}^{\infty} \dstnbrrds \dfr\rds`	_0^
`\int_{0}^{\infty} \dstnbrrds \! \dfr\rds`	_0^
`\dstfnc_{\nbrsbs}(\dmt)`	_()
`\dstfnc^{\mathrm{o}}_{\nbrsbs}(\dmt)`	^_()
`\dstfnc^{o}_{\nbrsbs}(\dmt)`	^o_()
`\dstfnc^{e}_{\nbrsbs}(\dmt)`	^e_()
`\tilde{\gsd}^{2}`	^2
`\tilde{\gsd}^{\!\!2}`	^2
`\tilde{\gsd^{2}}`
`\tilde{\gsd^{\!\!2}}`
`\dmtnaa`
`\dmtnar`
`\dmtnma`
`\dmtnmr`
`\dmtnwa`
`\dmtnwr`
`\mbox{\textonehalf}`, `\mbox{\textonequarter}`
`\frac{1}{2} \frac{2}{3}`	1 2
`1 / 2 \ 2 / 3`	1 / 2 2 / 3
`x^{1/2}`	x^1/2
`x^\frac{1}{2}`	x^1
`a \lesssim b`	a b
`a \lessapprox b`	a b
`a \gtrsim b`	a b
`a \gtrapprox b`	a b
`\pi \Pi`
`\mpi`
`\mathbf{\pi \Pi}`
`\bm{\pi \Pi}`
`\hm{\pi \Pi}`
`\uppi`
`\pmb{\pi}`

References

[Kopka and Daly 1995]: Kopka, H., and P. W. Daly, A Guide to L^AT_EX2e , 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1995.
[Kopka and Daly 1999]: Kopka, H., and P. W. Daly, A Guide to L^AT_EX2e , 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1999.
[Zender 2001]: Zender, C. S., Radiative transfer in the Earth system, "http://dust.ess.uci.edu/facts/rt/rt.pdf", 2001.

Index (showing section)

: Baggins; Bilbo, 3.7; adventures, 3.7; rings, 3.7; Frodo, 3.7
: Frodo, see Baggins
: \index, 3.7
: , 3.7
: \MF, 3.14
: , 2.4, 3.5

Footnotes:

¹Sources: Kopka and Daly , [1999]

²Sources: Kopka and Daly , [1999]

³Sources: T_EXInfo manual

⁴Source: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/sgml/entities.html

⁵Sources: Kopka and Daly , [1999]

⁶Source: Kopka and Daly , [1995,Kopka and Daly , [1999]

⁷Source: Kopka and Daly , [1999]

⁸Source: Kopka and Daly , [1999]

⁹Source: Kopka and Daly , [1999]

¹⁰Source: Kopka and Daly , [1995]

File translated from T_EX by T_TH, version 3.57.
On 2 Feb 2004, 22:31.

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